Common Name

Plant Latin Name

Testing Method

Analyts/Analytical Targets

Acacia

Acacia senegal

Identification

Gummy exudate

Aconitum Root (Aconite)

Aconitum spp.

TLC (limit of Aconitine)

Aconitine

Agrimony

Agrimonia eupatoria; A. procera

TLC

Agrimony identification

Agrimony

Agrimonia eupatoria; A. procera

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Alfalfa (Lucerne)

Medicago sativa

HPLC-UV

Medicagenic acid

Alfalfa (Lucerne)

Medicago sativa

TLC

Lucerne identification

Alfalfa (Lucerne)

Medicago sativa

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Alkanna

Alkanna tinctoria

HPLC

Naphthazarin derivatives: Alkaanin and its esters

Aloe, Aloes

Aloe barbadensis; A. ferox

Spectrophotometric  

Total Anthraquinones

Aloe, Aloes

Aloe barbadensis; A. ferox

HPLC-UV

Barbaloin (Aloins A & B)

American Ginseng

Panax quinquefolius

HPLC-UV  

Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rg1, Rc, Rb2, Rd

Ammoniacum, Gum

Dorema ammoniacum

TLC

Gum Ammoniacum identification

Angelica Root, European

Angelica archangelica

TLC

Angelica Root Identification

Andrographis

Andrographis paniculata

HPLC-UV

Andrographolide, Dehydroandrographolide

Aniseed

Pimpinella anisum

GC-FID

trans-Anethole, Anisaldehyde, Methylchavical

Apricots

Prunus armeniaca; P. spp.

HPLC-UV

Amygdalin

Apricots

Prunus armeniaca; P. spp.

Titration  

Amygdalin

Aralia Elata

Aralia elata

Gravimetric

Oleanolic acid saponins

Aristolochia (Guang Fang Ji, Guan Mu Tong)

Aristolochia fangchi

HPLC-UV

Aristolochic acids

Arnica Flower

Arnica montana

HPLC-UV  

Lactone sesquiterpene (santonin as IS)

Arnica Flower

Arnica montana

TLC

Arnica Flower identification

Artichoke

Cynara scolymus

Spectrophotometric

Caffeoylquinic acids

Artichoke

Cynara scolymus

HPLC-UV

Cynarin (e)

Artichoke

Cynara scolymus

TLC   

Artichoke identification

Asafoetida (Asant)

Ferula spp.

TLC   

Asafoetida identification

Ascophyllum (Knotted Wrack)

Ascophyllum nodosum

TLC   

Ascophyllum identification

Ash Bark

Fraxinus spp.

HPLC-UV

Aesculin

Ashwagandha

Withania somnifera

Gravimetric

Withanolides

Asian Ginseng (Oriental Ginseng)

Panax ginseng

HPLC-UV  

Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rg1, Rc, Rb2, Rd

Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

Panax ginseng

TLC

Ginseng identification

Asiatic Cornelian Cherry

Cornus officinalis

HPLC-UV

Ursolic acid

Aster Root (Tatarian Aster Root)

Aster tataricus

HPLC-UV

Shionone

Aster Root (Tatarian Aster Root)

Aster tataricus

TLC-Scanning  

Shionone

Astragalus (Milkvetch Root)

Astragalus membranaceus

HPLC-UV

Astragalosides

Astragalus (Milkvetch Root)

Astragalus membranaceus

HPLC-UV

Isoflavonoids

Avocado

Persia amaericana

HPLC-UV or GC-FID

Estragole

Babchi Seed (Malaytea Scurfpea)

Psoralea corylifolia

HPLC-UV

Psoralen and Isopsoralen

Bacopa

Bacopa monniera

HPLC-UV

Bacosides: bacoside A, bacoside B

Balm Leaves

Melissa officinalis

HPLC-UV

Rosmarinic acid

Balm Leaves

Melissa officinalis

GC-FID

Essential oil: citronellal, citral A and B

Barberry Bark

Berberis vulgaris

HPLC-UV

Berberine

Barley Leaves

Hordeum vulgare

HPLC-UV

2”-O-Glycosylisovitexin

Barley Leaves

Hordeum vulgare

Spectrophotometric

Total chlorophills: chlorophyll A and B

Basil

Osimum basilicum

GC-FID

Linalool, methylchavicol, and eugenol

Basil

Osimum basilicum

Distillation

Total essential oil

Bayberry Bark

Myrica cerifera

TLC 

Bayberry Bark identification

Bayberry Bark

Myrica cerifera

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Belladonna

Atropa bellandonna

Two-phase Titration

Total alkaloids: as hyoscyamine

Bilberry

Vaccinium myrtillus

Spectrophotometric

Anthocyanosides

Bilberry Leaf

Vaccinium myrtillus

HPLC-UV

Arbutin

Bilberry Leaf

Vaccinium myrtillus

HPLC-UV

Total flavonoids: as quercetin

Birch Leave

Betula pendula; B. pubescens

HPLC-UV  

Flavonoids: as hyperoside

Birch Leave

Betula pendula; B. pubescens

TLC

Birch Leave identification

Bitter Melon

Momordica charantia

HPLC

Asiaticosides

Bitter Melon

Momordica charantia

HPLC

Charantin

Bitter Orange (Citrus, Zhishi)

Citrus aurantium

HPLC-UV

Synephrine

Bitter-Orange-Flower Oil

Citrus aurantium

GC-FID  

 Essential oil GC profile

Black Cohosh

Cimicifuga racemosa

HPLC-ELSD

Triterpene glycosides: 27-deoxyactein, actein, cimicifugoside, cimiracemosie

Black Currant Oil

Ribes nigrum

GC-FID

Fatty acids: gamma-linolenic acid, linoleic acid

Black Haw Bark

Viburnum prunifolium

TLC

Black Haw Bark identification

Black Horehound

Marrubium nigrum

TLC

Black Horehound identification

Black Pepper

Piper nigrum

HPLC-UV  

Piperine

Black Walnut Seed

Juglans nigra L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Black Walnut Leaf

Juglans nigra L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Blackberry Leaf

Rubus fruiticosus

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Blessed Thistle

Cnicus benedictus

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Blood Root (Rhizome)

Sanguinaria canadensis

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Blue Cohosh Root

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Blue Flag

Iris versicolor;Iris caroliniana

TLC

Identification

Blue Malva Flower

Malva sylvestris

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Blue Violet Leaf

Viola odorata L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Bogbean (Menyanthes, Buckbean)

Menyanthes trifoliata

TLC

Bogbean identification

Boldo (Boldo Leaf)

Peumus boldus

TLC

Boldo identification

Borage Leaf

Borago officinalis L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Borage Oil

Borago officinalis L.

GC-FID

Fatty acids: gamma-linolenic acid, linoleic acid

Boswellia Serrata

Boswellia serrata

Titration

Boswellic acids

Broccoli

Brassica oleracea var. italica

HPLC-UV

Sulforaphane

Broom Top (Scoparium, Scotch Broom)

Cytisus scoparius

TLC

Broom Top identification

Buchu (Agathosma)

Barosma betulina

TLC

Buchu identification

Buckthorn (Frangula) Bark

Rhamnus frangula

Spectrophotometric  

Glucofrangulins

Buckthorn Fruit

Rhamnus frangula

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Burdock

Arctium lappa

GC-FID

Essential oil: phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, etc.

Burdock

Arctium lappa

HPLC-UV

Actiin

Burdock

Arctium lappa

Spectrophotometric

Inulin

Butcher’s Broom

Ruscus aculeatus

Spectrophotometric

Total saponins

Butcher’s Broom

Ruscus aculeatus

HPLC-UV

Ruscogenins

Butterflybush Flower (Pale Butter Fly Bush Flower)

Buddleja officinalis

HPLC-UV  

Buddleoside

Calamus (Calamus Rhizome, Acorus, Sweet Flag Root)

Acorus calamus var. Americanus; A. Calamus var. Vulgaris

GC-FID

Essential oils

Calamus (Calamus Rhizome, Acorus, Sweet Flag Root)

Acorus calamus var. Americanus; A. Calamus var. Vulgaris

TLC

Calamus identification

Calumba Root (Colombo Root, Jateorhiza)

Jateorhiza palmata

TLC

Calumba identification

Cape Jasmine (Gardenia Fruit)

Gardenia jasminoides

HPLC-UV  

Geniposide

Capsicum Oleoresin

Capsicum frutescens; C. spp.

HPLC-UV

Capsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin

Carob Seed

Ceratonia siliquae

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Caraway Fruit

Carum carvi

Distillation

Total essential oil

Caraway Fruit

Carum carvi

GC-FID

Volatile oil: carvon, limonene, etc.

Cascara Sagrada

Rhamnus purshiana

Spectrophotometric   

Cascarosides,  Hydroxyanthracenes

Cassia Bark (Chinese Cinnamon)

Cinnamomum cassia

GC-FID

Essential oils

Cassia Bark (Chinese Cinnamon)

Cinnamomum cassia

TLC

Cassia Bark identification

Catnip

Nepeta cataria

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Cat’s Claw

Uncaria tomentosa

HPLC-UV

Oxindole alkaloids, mitraphylline

Catechu

Acacia catechu (Uncaria gambier)

HPLC-UV

Catechins: catechin, epicatechin

Cayenne (Paprica)

Capsicum frutescens; C. spp.

HPLC-UV

Capsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin

Cayenne (Paprica)

Capsicum frutescens; C. spp.

HPLC-UV

Scoville Heat Units (HU)

Celery Seed (Apium, Celery Fruit)

Apium graveolens

TLC

Celery Seed identification

Centaury

Centaurium spp.

Bitterness value  

Secoiridoid glycosides (centapicrin, sweroside, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside)

Centaury

Centaurium erythraea

TLC

Centaury identification

Chamomile

Matricaria spp.

HPLC-UV   or LC-MS

Apigenin-7-glycoside; Bisabolan derivatives; Levomenol

Chamomile

Matricaria spp.

Distillation

Total essential oil

Chaparral Leaf

Larrea tridentate (DC) Coville

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Chaste Tree (Vitex)

Vitex agnus-castus

HPLC

Vitexin and Isovitexin

Chaste Tree (Vitex)

Vitex agnus-castus

HPLC  

Agnuside, Casticin

Chaste Tree (Vitex)

Vitex agnus-castus

HPLC

Aucubin

Chaste Tree (Vitex)

Vitex agnus-castus

TLC

Identification

Cherokee Rose Fruit

Rosa laevigata

Spectrophotometric

Total polysaccharides

Chickweed

Stellaria media (L.) Cyr.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Chinese Gall

Rhus spp. (gall produced by aphids Kelaphis chinensis)

Gravimetric

Tanninoids (total tannins)

Chinese Gall

Rhus spp. (gall produced by aphids Kelaphis chinensis)

Spectrophotometric  

Total tannins

Chlorella

Chlorella alga

Spectrophotometric

Pheophorbide, chlorophyll

Chrysanthemum Flower (Juhua)

Chrysanthemum morifolium

HPLC-UV

Chlorogenic acid

Cinchona Bark

Cinchona pubescens

Spectrophotometric  

Total alkaloids

Cinnamon

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Distillation

Total essential oil

Cistanche

Cistanche deserticola

HPLC-UV  

Acteoside

Clivers (Galium, Goosegrass, Cleavers)

Galium aparine

TLC

Clivers identification

Clove

Eugenia caryophyllata

GC-FID

Eugenol

Clove Oil

Eugenia caryophyllata

GC-FID

Eugenol

Cnidiun Seed (Cnidii Fructus)

Cnidium monnieri

HPLC-UV

Osthole

Cocillana (Guarea, Guapi Bark, Huapi Bark)

Guarea spp.

Macroscopical or Microscopical

Identification

Coleus

Plectranthus (Coleus) spp.

HPLC-UV

Forskolin

Coltsfoot Leaf

Tussilago farfara L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Common Ivy Leaf

Hedera helix

HPLC-UV

Hederacoside C, B; hederin

Comfrey

Symphytum officinale; Symphytum spp.

GC, HPLC, TLC

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Echimidine)

Comfrey Root (Symphytum Rhizome)

Symphytum officinalis

TLC

Comfrey Root identification

Comfrey Root or Leaf (Symphytum Leaf or Rhizome)

Symphytum officinalis

LC-MS

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: echimidine, heliotrine, indicine-N-oxide, jacobine, lasiocarpine, monocrotaline, petasitenine, retrorsine, senecionine, symphytine, trichodesmine, incanine (senecionine as an external reference standard).

Comfrey Leaf (Symphytum Leaf or rhizome)

Symphytum officinalis

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Cordyceps (Caterpillar Fungus)

Cordyceps sinensis

HPLC-UV  

Adenosine

Cordyceps (Caterpillar Fungus)

Cordyceps sinensis

HPLC-RI or HPLC-ELSD

Cordycepic acid (Mannitol)

Coriander (Cilantro)

Coriandrum sativum

GC-FID or GC-MS

Essential oil composition

Coriander (Cilantro)

Coriandrum sativum

Distillation   

Total essential oil

Coriander (Cilantro)

Coriandrum sativum

GC-FID

Petroselinic acid

Corn Silk (Zea)

Zea mays

TLC

Corn Silk identification

Couch Grass Rhizome (Quackgrass, Triticum, Triticum repens, Graminis Rhizome)

Agropyron repens (Elymus repens (L.) Gould)

Macroscopic and Microscopic

Couch Grass Rhizome identification

Cramp Bark

Viburnum opulus

TLC (see BHP Black Haw Bark )

Cramp Bark identification

Cranberry

Vaccinium marcrocarpon; V. oxycoccos

HPLC-UV  

Organic acids: Quinic acid, Malic acid, Citric acid, Shikimic acid

Cranberry

Vaccinium marcrocarpon; V. oxycoccos

HPLC-UV

Ellagic acid

Cranberry

Vaccinium marcrocarpon; V. oxycoccos

Spectrophotometric

Anthocyanins

Cranesbill Root (Storksbill Root, Wild Geranium Root)

Geranium maculatum

TLC

Cranesbill Root identification

Cumin Seed

Cuminum cyminum L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Damiana

Turnera aphrodisiaca

GC-FID

Volatile oil

Damiana

Turnera aphrodisiaca

HPLC-UV

Arbutin

Damiana

Turnera aphrodisiac; Turnera  diffusa L.

TLC

Damiana identification

Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Root)

Salvia miltiorrhiza

HPLC-UV

Tanshinone IIA, Tanshinone I, Tanshinone

Dandelion, Leaf, Root

Taxacum officinalis

HPLC-UV  

Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid

Datura Flower (Yangjinhua)

Datura metel

Titration  

Total alkaloids

Datura Flower (Yangjinhua)

Datura metel

HPLC-UV

Scopolamine

Devil’s Claw

Harpagophytum procumbens

HPLC-UV  

Harpagoside

Digitalis

Digitalis purpurea

Potency assay

Cardiac glycosides

Digitalis

Digitalis purpurea

Microscopic

Identification

Digitalis

Digitalis purpurea

Spectrophotometric  

Total cardenolic glycosides

Dogbane Leaf

Apocynum venetum

Microscopic

Identification

Dong Quai (Angelica)

Angelica sisnensis

HPLC-UV

Ferulic acid

Dong Quai (Angelica)

Angelica sisnensis

GC-FID

Essential oil

Dyer’s Woad Leaf

Isatis indigotica

Spectrophotometric

Indirubin

Echinacea

Echinacea angustifolia; E. Pallida; E. Purpurea

HPLC-UV  

Total and individual caffeic acid derivatives (total phenols): cafteric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, echinacoside

Echinacea

Echinacea angustifolia; E. Pallida; E. Purpura

Spectrophotometric

Total phenolics (phenols)

Echinacea

Echinace angustifolia; E. Pallida; E. Purpura

HPLC-UV

Alkamides: Undeca-2E,4Z-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide; Undeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide; Dodeca-2E,4Z-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide; Dodeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide; Trideca-2E,7Z-diene-8,12-diynoic acid isobutylamide; Dodeca-2E,4Z-diene-8,10-diynoic acid 2-methylisobutylamide; Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E tetraenoic acid isobutylamide; Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z tetraenoic acid isobutylamide

Echinacea Root (Coneflower, Black Sampson)

Echinacea angustifolia

TLC

Echinacea Root identification

Elder Flower

Sambucus nigra

Spectrophotometric  

Total Flavonoids

Elderberry

Sambucus nigra

Spectrophotometric

Anthocyanins

Elderberry

Sambucus nigra

HPLC-UV

Anthocyanosides

Elderberry

Sambucus nigra

HPLC-UV

Rutin

Elecampane (Inula)

Inula helenium L.

TLC

Elecampane identification

Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus)

HPLC-UV

Eleutherosides B and E

Eleutherococcus (Siberian Ginseng)

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus)

TLC

Eleutherococcus identification

Elm (Slippery Elm Bark)

Ulmus rubra

TLC (Identification)

Identification

Ephedra (Ma Huang)

Ephedra spp.

HPLC-UV

Ephedrin and Pseudoephedrin

Epimedium (Horny Goat Weed)

Epimedium spp.

HPLC-UV

Icariin

Eucalyptus Leaf (Blue Gum Tree Leaf)

Eucalyptus globulus

GC

Essential oil composition

Eucalyptus Leaf (Blue Gum Tree Leaf)

Eucalyptus globulus

Distillation

Total essential oil

Eucalyptus Leaf (Blue Gum Tree Leaf)

Eucalyptus globulus

TLC

Eucalyptus Leaf identification

Eucommia Bark

Eucomia ulmoides

HPLC-UV  

Pinoresinol diglucoside

Euonymus Bark

Euonymus atropurpureus

TLC

Euonymus Bark identification

Euphrasia (Eyebright)

Euphrasia rostkoviana

HPLC-UV

Iridoid glycosides

European Verbena Herb

Verbena officinalis

HPLC-UV

Ursolic acid

Evening Primrose

Oenothera biennis

GC-FID

gamma-Linolenic acid, linoleic acid

Evening Primrose

Oenothera biennis

GC-FID

Fatty acids

Evodia Fruit (Wu Zhu Yu)

Evodia rutaecarpa

HPLC-UV  

Evodin, evodiamine, rutaecarpine

Eyebright (Euphrasia)

Euphrasia spp.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Fennel (Bitter, or Sweet)

Foeniculum vulgare

GC-FID  

Anethole, fenchone

False Unicorn Root/Rhizome (Fairwand)

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Fennel (Bitter, or Sweet)

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Distillation  

Total volatile oil

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

HPLC-UV

Saponins

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

HPLC-UV

Scopoletin, Coumarin

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

TLC

Fenugreek identification

Feverfew

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz

HPLC-UV

Parthenolide

Flax Oil

Linum usitatissimum

GC-FID

Fatty acids

Flax Seed (Linseed)

Linum usitatissimum

HPLC-UV

Lignans: secoisolariciresinol diglucoside

Flax Seed (Linseed)

Linum usitatissimum

HPLC-UV

Cyanogenic glycosides: linamarin, linustatin, neolinustatin

Flax Seed (Linseed)

Linum usitatissimum

Spectrophotometric

Total cyanogenic glycosides

Forsythia

Forsythia spp.

HPLC-UV

Forsythin

Fo-Ti (He Shou Wu, Fleeceflower root)

Polygonum multiflorum

HPLC-UV  

2,3,5,4’-Tetrahydroxystibene-2-O- beta-D-glucoside (Piceatannol-2-O-glucoside)*

Frangula Bark (Buckthorn Bark)

Rhamnus frangula

Spectrophotometric  

Glucofrangulins

Fritillaria

Fritillaria spp.

HPLC

Peimine, Peiminine

Fucus (Bladderwrack, Seawrack, Kelpware)

Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum

Titration  

Total iodine

Fucus (Bladderwrack, Seawrack, Kelpware)

Fucus vesiculosus

TLC

Identification

Fumitory

Fumaria officinalis

HPLC

Alkaloids

Fumitory

Fumaria officinalis

TLC

Fumitory identification

Galangal (East Indian Root, Lesser Galangal)

Alpinia galangal

TLC

Galangal identification

Galanga Galangal Fruit

Alpinia galangal

Distillation  

Total essential oil

Garcinia Cambogia

Garcinia cambogia

HPLC-UV

Hydroxycitric acid (HCA)

Garcinia Cambogia

Garcinia cambogia

HPLC-UV

Total and individual organic acid content

Garlic

Allium sativum L.

HPLC-UV  

Allicin (Butyl parahydroxybenzoate as IS)

Garlic

Allium sativum L.

HPLC-UV  

Alliin

Garlic

Allium sativum L.

HPLC-UV  

gamma-Glutamyl-(S)-allyl-L-cysteine

Garlic

Allium sativum L.

GC-FID or GC-MS

Individual and total sulfur components

Gastrodia elata Tuber (Tian Ma)

Gastrodia eleta

HPLC-UV  

Gastrodin

Gentian Root

Gentiana lutea

Bitterness value  

Bitter components (terpenoids)

Gentian, Chinese Gentian

Gentiana spp.

HPLC-UV  

Gentiopicrin

Ginger

Zingiber officinale

HPLC-UV  , or HPLC-UV/MS

Gingerols and gingerdiones (capsaicin as IS: 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol A, 8-gingerol B, 6-gingerdiol, 6-gingerdione, 10-gingerol, 8-gingerdione

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

HPLC-UV  

Flavonol glycosides: quercetin, kaepferol, isorhamnetin glycosides

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

HPLC-ELSD  

Terpene lactones: bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

HPLC-UV

Biflavonoids: bilobetin and ginkgetin

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

HPLC-UV

Ginkgolic acids

Ginkgo Seeds

Ginkgo biloba

TLC or HPLC-UV

Bilobalide A

Ginseng, American

Panax quinquefolius

HPLC-UV  

Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rg1, Rc, Rb2, Rd

Ginseng, Asian (Oriental Ginseng)

Panax ginseng

HPLC-UV  

Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rg1, Rc, Rb2, Rd

Glossy Privet Fruit (Seed)

Ligustrum lucidum

TLC-Scan*

Oleanolic acid

Glossy Privet Fruit (Seed)

Ligustrum lucidum

GC-FID

Oleanolic acid

Golden Rod

Solidago virgaurea

TLC

Golden Rod identification

Golden Root (Rhodiola rosea)

Rhodiola rosea

HPLC-UV

Rosavins: rosavin, salidroside

Golden Seal Root (Hydrastis)

Hydrastis canadensis

TLC

Golden Seal Root identification

Goldenseal

Hydrastis canadensis L.

HPLC-UV  

Alkaloids: berberine, hydrastine,

Goldthread (Golden Thread)

Coptis spp.

HPLC-UV

Alkaloids: berberine, palmatine

Gotu Kola

Centella asiatica

HPLC-UV  

Triterpenes: siaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, madecassic acid

Grape Seed

Vitis spp.

Spectrophotometric

Proanthocyanidins

Gravel Root

Eupatorium purpureum L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Great Burdock Achene

Arctium lappa

HPLC-UV  

Arctiin

Greater Celandine Herb (Chelidonium)

Chelidonium majus

HPLC

Alkaloids (chelidonine, sanguinarine, coptisine)

Green Tea

Camellia sinensis (Thea sinensis)

HPLC

Catechins

Green Tea

Camellia sinensis (Thea sinensis)

Spectrophotometric

Proanthocyanidins

Griffonia

Griffonia simplicifolia

HPLC

5-Hydroxytryptophan

Grindelia

Grindelia robusta; G. camporum; G. humilis

TLC

Grindelia identification

Ground Ivy (Nepeta hederacea)

Glechoma hederacea

TLC

Ground Ivy identification

Guaiacum Resin

Guaiacum officinale; G. Sanctum

TLC

Guaiacum Resin identification

Guangfangji/Guanmutong (Aristolochia)

Aristolochia manshuriensis

HPLC

Aristolochic acids

Guarana

Paulinia cupana

HPLC-UV

Caffeine, theobromine

Guggul

Commiphora mukul

HPLC-UV

Guggulsterones: E-gugulsterone and Z-guggulsterone

Gymnema

Gymnema sylvestre

HPLC-UV

Gymnemic acid

Gynostemma (Jiao Gu Lan)

Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Gravimetric

Total gypenosides (gynosaponins)

Gynostemma (Jiao Gu Lan)

Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Spectrophotometric

Total gypenosides (gynosaponins)

Gynostemma (Jiao Gu Lan)

Gynostemma pentaphyllum

HPLC-UV

Gypenosides (gynosaponins)

Hamamelis Bark

Hamamelis virginiana

TLC

Hamamelis Bark identification

Han Fang Ji (Stephania tetrandra Root)

Stephania tetrandra

HPLC

Tetrandrine

Hawthorn Berries

Crataegus pinnatifida

Spectrophotometric  

Procyanidins (as cyanidin chloride)

Hawthorn Leaf with Flower

Crataegus monogyna

HPLC-UV  

C-glycosylated flavones: as vitexin and isovitexin (and hydrolized vitexin-2”-O-rhamnoside)

Hawthorn Leaf with Flower

Crataegus monogyna

HPLC-UV  

O-glycosylated flavones: hyperoside and quercetin

Hawthorn Leaf with Flower

Crataegus monogyna

Spectrophotometric  

Total flavonoids

Hawthorn Fruit or Leaf with Flower

Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Heartsease

Viola tricolor

TLC

Heartsease identification

Helonias

Chamaelirium luteum

TLC

Helonias identification

Hibiscus Flower

Hibiscus spp.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Honeysuckle Flower

Lonicera japonica; L. hypoglauca; L. confusa; L. dasystyla

HPLC-UV  

Chlorogenic acid

Holy Thistle (Blessed Thistle)

Cnicus benedictus

TLC

Holy Thistle identification

Hops

Humulus lupulus

HPLC

Flavonoids

Hops

Humulus lupulus

TLC

Hops identification

Horehound Leaf

Marrubium vulgare L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

Spectrophotometric   

Triterpene glycosides

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

HPLC-UV

Aescin (b-Escin)

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

HPLC-UV

Aesculin, Aesculetin

Horsetail Herb (Equisetum)

Equisetum arvense

ICP-MS

Silica

Horsetail Herb (Equisetum)

Equisetum arvense

TLC

Horsetail identification

Huperzia

Huperzia serrata

HPLC

Huperzine A

Hydrangea (Seven Barks)

Hydrangea arborescens

TLC

Hydrangea identification

Hyoscyamus Leaf

Hyoscyamus niger

Titration  

Total alkaloids

Hypericum (St. John’s Wort)

Hypericum perforatum

HPLC/LC-MS

Hypericin, Pseudohypericin

Hyssop

Hyssopus officinalis

TLC

Hyssop identification

Hypericum (St. John’s Wort)

Hypericum perforatum

HPLC

Hyperforin

Hypericum (St. John’s Wort)

Hypericum perforatum

Spectrophotometric  

Hypericin

Iceland Moss

Cetraria islandica

Macroscopic and Microscopic

Identification

Indian Squill (Urginea)

Drimia indica

Macroscopical and Microscopical

Identification

Indigo

Baphicacanthus cusia; Polygonum thinctorium; Isatis indigotica

Spectrophotometric  

Indigo

Indigoplant Leaf

Polygonum tinctorium

HPLC-UV  

Indigo

Ipecacuanha Root

Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Titration  

Total alkaloids

Iris Moss (Carrageen)

Chondrus crispus; Gigartina mamillosa

TLC

Iris Moss identification

Ispaghula Husk

Plantago ovata

TLC

Ispaghula Husk identification

Jamaica Dogwood

Piscidia piscipula

TLC

Jamaica Dogwood identification

Java Tea Leave (Orthosiphon)

Orthosiphon aristatus

HPLC

Rosmarinic acid

Java Tea Leave (Orthosiphon)

Orthosiphon aristatus

TLC

Java Tea identification

Jujube

Ziziphus jujuba

HPLC

Jujuboside A&B

Juniper Berry

Juniperus communis

GC

Essential oil

Juniper Berry

Juniperus communis

Distillation

Total essential oil

Kava Kava

Piper methysticum

HPLC

Kavapyrones: Kawain, Dihydrokawain, Methysticin, Dihydromethysticin, Yangonin, Demethoxyyangonin

Kava-Kava

Piper methysticum

TLC

Kava-Kava identification

Kelp (Kelpware, Knotted Wrack)

Ascophylium nodosum Le Jol.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Kola Nut (Cola)

Cola acuminata

HPLC

Caffeine

Kola Nut (Cola)

Cola acuminata; Cola nitida

TLC

Kola identification

Kudzu (Kudzuvine, Pueraria)

Pueraria lobata; Pueraria thomsonii

HPLC

Isoflavonoids

Kushen (Sophora Root)

Sophora tonkinensis

HPLC

Matrine

Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla)

Alchemilla xanthochlora

Spectrophotometric  

Total tannins

Lady’s Mantle

Alchemilla xanthochlora; A. vulgaris

TLC

Lady’s Mantle identification

Lady’s Slipper Root

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Lemon

Citrus limon

Spectrophotometric

Biflavonoids

Lemon

Citrus limon

HPLC

Biflavonoids

Lemon Grass

Cymbopogon citrates Stapf

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Licorice (Liquorice Root)

Glycyrrhiza glabra; G. uralensis

HPLC-UV

Glycyrrhizic acid

Lime Flower

Tilia cordata

EP

Comply

Lime Flower

Tilia cordata

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Linden Flower

Tilia argentae DC.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Lobelia (Indian Tobacco)

Lobelia inflata

Macroscopical and Microscopical

Identification

Long Pepper

Piper longum

HPLC-UV  

Piperine

Lovage Root

Levisticum officinale

TLC

Lovage Root identification

Lungwort

Pulmonaira officinalis L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Maca

Lepidium meyenii Walp.

HPLC

Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates

Magnolia Bark

Magnolia officinalis

HPLC-UV  

Honokiol and magnolol

Magnolia Flower

Magnolia officinalis

HPLC-UV  

Honokiol and magnolol

Magnolia Flower Bud

Magnolia biondii; M. Denudata; M. Sprengeri

Distillation  

Total essential oil

Mahonia

Mahonia bealei; M. fortunei

HPLC-UV  

Berberine

Malaytea Scurfpea Fruit (Babchi Seed)

Psoralea cordyfolia

HPLC-UV

Psoralen and isopsoralen

Mandrake Root

Podophyllum peltatum L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Mango

Mangifera indica

HPLC-UV

Mangiferin (xanthone-c-glucoside)

Manzanita Leaf

Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Marigold (Calendula Flower)

Calendula officinalis

HPLC-UV

Saponins: as oelanolic acid derivatives

Marigold (Calendula Flower)

Calendula officinalis

HPLC-UV  

Flavonoids

Maritime Pine (Pine Bark)

Pinus pinaster (Pinus maritime)

Spectrophotometric  

Procyanidins

Marshmallow Leaf

Althaea officinalis

TLC

Marshmallow Leaf identification

Marshmallow Root

Althaea officinalis

TLC

Marshmallow Root identification

Mate (Maté, Yerba Mate, Paraguay Tea)

Ilex paraguariensis

HPLC

Caffeine, Theobromine

Meadowsweet

Filipendula ulmaria

TLC

Meadowsweet identification

Melilot

Melilotus officinalis

TLC

Melilot identification

Mexican Wild Yam

Dioscorea villosa

HPLC

Diosgenin

Milk Thistle

Silybum marianum

HPLC-UV  

Silymarins

Mistletoe

Viscum coloratum

HPLC-UV or GC-FID*

Oleanolic acid

Mistletoe

Viscum coloratum

TLC

Mistletoe identification

Motherwort (Mother’s Wort)

Leonurus japonicus

Spectrophotometric  

Total alkaloids: as stachydrine

Moutan Bark (Tree Peony Bark)

Paeonia suffruticosa

HPLC-UV

Paeonol

Mugwort

Artemisia vulgaris

TLC

Mugwort identification

Mullein Leaf

Verbascum densiflorum; V. phlomoides; V. thapsus L.

TLC

Mullein Leaf identification

Mulberry Leaf

Morus alba

HPLC-UV or HPLC-ELSD

1-Deoxynojirimycin

Mustard Seed

Brassica nigra

GC

Allylisothiocyanate

Myrrh, Myrrha

Commiphora molmol

TLC

Myrrh identification

Nettle Herb

Urtica dioica

TLC

Nettle Herb identification

Nettle Root (Stinging Nettle)

Urtica dioica

HPLC  

Scopoletin

Nettle Root (Stinging Nettle)

Urtica dioica

Spectrophotometric  

Total amino acids

Nettle Root (Stinging Nettle)

Urtica dioica

GC-FID  

Beta-Sitosterol

Noni Root

Morinda citrifolia

Spectrophotometric

Anthraquinones: Ruberythric acid, Rubiadin, Alizarin

Noni Fruit

Morinda citrifolia

HPLC

Scopoletin, Quercetin; Asperulosidic acid, Asperuloside

Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans Houtt

TLC

Identification

Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans Houtt

Distillation   

Total essential oil

Nux Vomica

Strychnos nux-vomica

HPLC

Brucine, Strychnine

Oak Bark

Quercus robur; Q. petraea

TLC

Oak Bark identification

Olive Leaf

Olea europaea

HPLC

Oleuropein

Oregano (Marjoram)

Origanum vulgare

BHP method

Total essential oil

Oregano (Marjoram)

Origanum vulgare

GC-MS

Essential oil analysis

Oregano (Marjoram)

Origanum vulgare

HPLC

Carvacrol

Oregon Grape Root

Mahonia aquifolium

HPLC-UV

Berberine

Orientvine

Sinomenium acutum

HPLC-UV  

Sinomenine

Pacific Yew (Taxus)

Taxus brevifolia

HPLC

Taxol

Pagodatree Flower (Pagoda Tree Flower)

Sophora japonica

HPLC-UV  

Rutin

Panax Notoginseng (San Qi)

Panax notoginseng

HPLC

Notoginsenoside R1

Paprika

Capsicum annuum

HPLC

Capsanthin

Parsley Herb

Petroselinum crispum

HPLC or GC

Myristicin

Parsley Root

Petroselinum crispum

TLC

Parsley Root identification

Passion Flower

Passiflora incarnata

Spectrophotometric

Total flavonoids: Vitexin, Isovitexin

Passion Flower (Passiflora)

Passiflora incarnata

TLC

Passiflora identification

Pau d’Arco Bark

Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. Ex DC.) Standl.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Pennyroyal

Mentha pulegium L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Peony Root

Paeonia lactiflora

HPLC

Paeoniflorin

Peppermint

Mentha haplocalyx

GC-FID

Menthol

Peppermint

Mentha haplocalyx

Distillation

Total essential oil

Periwinkle

Vinca major

HPLC

Vinpocetine

Pfaffia (Suma Root, Amazon Ginseng)

Pfaffia paniculata

HPLC

Ecdysteroids

Pilewort Herb

Ficaria ranunculoides

TLC

Pilewort Herb identification

Pine Bark (Maritime Pine)

Pinus pinaster (Pinus maritime)

Spectrophotometric  

Procyanidins

Plantago Seed (Ispaghula Seed, Psyllium)

Plantago ovata

USP method

Identification and Swelling index

Plantago Seed (Ispaghula Seed, Psyllium)

Plantago ovata

TLC

Ispaghula identification

Plantain Herb

Plantago lanceolata

HPLC

Aucubin

Pleurisy Root

Asclepias tuberose L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Poke Root (Pokeweed Root)

Phytolacca americana

TLC

Poke Root identification

Poplar

Populus spp.

HPLC

Salicin, populin

Prickly Ash Bark

Zanthoxylum clava-herculis; Z. americanum

TLC

Prickly Ash Bark identification

Psyllium (Plantogo Seed)

Plantago ovata

USP method

Identification and Swelling index

Pueraria (Kudzu)

Pueraria lobata; Pueraria thomsonii

HPLC

Isoflavonoids

Pulsatilla (Pasque Flower)

Pulsatilla vulgaris; P. pratensis

TLC

Pulsatilla identification

Pummelo Peel

Citrus grandis

HPLC-UV  

Naringin

Pumpkin Seeds

Cucurbita pepo

GC

Fatty acids; Steroids

Pygeum

Pygeum africanum

GC

Steroids

Quassia (Bitter Wood)

Picrasma excelsa

TLC

Quassia identification

Queen’s Delight (Queen’s Root, Yaw Root)

Stillingia sylvatica

TLC

Queen’s Delight identification

Raspberry Leaf

Rubus idaeus

TLC

Raspberry identification

Red Clover

Trifolium pratense

HPLC  

Isoflavones: Genistein, Daidzein, Formononetin, Biochanin A

Rhatany Root

Krameria triandra

Spectrophotometric  

Total Tannins

Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root)

Rhodiola rosea

HPLC

Rosavins: rosavin, salidroside

Rhododendron Leaf

Rhododendron dauricum

HPLC-UV  

Rutin

Rhubarb

Rheum palmatum; Rheum officinalis

HPLC

Hydroxyanthracene derivatives (Rheum-emodin, Aloe-emodin, Rhein, Chrysophanol, Physcion)

Rose Hips

Rosa canina

HPLC

Ascorbic acid

Rosemary

Rosmarinus officinalis

HPLC

Rosmarinic acid

Rosemary Oil

Rosmarinus officinalis

GC

Essential oil

Safflower

Carthamus tinctirius

Spectrophotometric

Pigments: yellow pigment, red pigment

Sage Leaves

Salvia officinalis L.

HPLC

Rosmarinic acid

Salvia miltiorrhiza Root (Dan Shen)

Salvia miltiorrhiza

HPLC

Tanshinone IIA, Tanshinone I, Tanshinone

San Qi (Panax notoginseng)

Panax notoginseng

HPLC

Notoginsenoside R1

Sarsaparilla (Smilax)

Smilax aristolochiaefolia; S. febrifuga; S. ornate; S. regelii

TLC

Sarsaparilla identification

Sarsaparilla Root

Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Sassafras Bark

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Savory Leaf

Satureja hortensis L.

Macroscopic and/or Microscopic identification

Identification for non-extract raw materials or powdered materials

Saw Palmetto (Sabal)

Serenoa repens

GC-FID  

Long chain alcohols: tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol, triacontanol

Saw Palmetto (Sabal)

Serenoa repens

GC-FID  

Steroids (sterols): cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol